Mandatory Minimum Sentencing Is Cruel And Unusual Punishment

Introduction The mandatory sentence of two years’ imprisonment is unconstitutional because it is â€Å"cruel and unusual punishment† which infringes upon the accused’s right not to be subjected to such treatment. Firstly, it is determined that the mandatory minimum sentence in this case is grossly disproportionate to the accused’s circumstances and would be reasonably foreseeable that the provision would have the same overreaching effect on other offenders. Secondly, the provision in question in the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act is not saved by section 1 of the Charter as it has failed the prescribed Oakes test. The test gives weight to the law’s objective in comparison to the means of achieving it, which in this case, impaired too heavily on the right of the accused. Mandatory minimum sentencing is â€Å"cruel and unusual punishment† The constitutional right in question reads from section 12 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms which states, â€Å"everyone has the right not to be subjected to any cruel and unusual treatment or punishment†. In order to begin considering the legality of the mandatory minimum sentence stated in Section 5(3)(a)(ii)(A) of the CDSA, the court must first consider the definition of â€Å"cruel and unusual punishment† and apply the Oakes test to determine if the provision can be saved. The meaning of â€Å"cruel and unusual punishment† as defined in R v Smith, is when it is too severe or excessive for the specific crime or where there are specificShow MoreRelatedThe War On Drugs And Mandatory Minimum Sentencing Laws1468 Words   |  6 Pagesfree while so many non-violent offenders are locked up? Although various aspects have fueled this inequity of justice, the factors that have contributed the most to this development are, undoubtedly, the War on Drugs a nd mandatory minimum sentencing laws which have led to punishment disproportionate to the offense. 59% of rape cases and 36.2% of murder cases in the United States are never solved. In 2011, less than half of all violent crimes committed found any resolution. This dilemma poses the questionRead MoreThe Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution Essay1723 Words   |  7 Pagesimposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Eighth Amendment, 1791 The Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution limits the punishments that may be imposed by the government on American citizens. These limits are compulsory among the states by way of the Fourteenth Amendment. The English Bill of Rights of 1689 expressed concern with arbitrary and disproportionate sanctions, giving way to the Founders inclusion of the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. To explore theRead MoreCriminal Code And Charter Sections1414 Words   |  6 PagesPart I: Relevant Criminal Code and Charter Sections Sentencing provisions in Canadian law are found in s.718.1 and s.718.2 of the Criminal Code, which states that, â€Å"sentences must be proportionate to the nature of the offence, reduced or increased depending on the mitigating and aggravating factors, must be similar to sentences imposed on similar offenders for similar offences in similar circumstances, and if the sentence is consecutive, it must not be unduly long or harsh.† Therefore, an offenderRead MoreMandatory Minimum Sentences Imposed By Statute865 Words   |  4 Pagesof crimes and subjected to unfair mandatory sentencing. â€Å"Mandatory minimum sentencing laws require binding prison terms of a particular length for people convicted of certain federal and state crimes† (Famm, n.d.). â€Å"Mandatory minimum sentences imposed by statute are intended to achieve consistency in sentencing at the expense of individual consideration of the contextual sentencing factors† (Harvard Law Review, 2011). â€Å"T hese inflexible, one-size-fits-all sentencing laws may seem like a quick-fix solutionRead MoreJuvenile Crime : The Criminal Justice System1031 Words   |  5 Pagesviolent juvenile offenders and demanded reform. Many states, including Florida began to focus efforts on juvenile crime. â€Å"Florida’s criminal sentencing laws and punishment policies from 1980 to 2000 reflected an ongoing, focused effort to deter serious crimes† (Taylor). Crimes were given stricter sentencing guidelines. Serious offenses carried mandatory minimum sentences. â€Å"When it comes to kids and crime, Florida is known and the toughest state in the nation† (Clary). More juveniles are prosecutedRead MoreMandatory Minimum Sentences in Canada Essay2983 Words   |  12 Pagesissue of mandatory minimum sentences in Canada. There has been much debate over this topic, as it has quickly become implemented for the sentencing of drug offenders, drug-related crimes and banned firearm offences. I w ill argue that every case that comes through the criminal justice system is different and deserves a fair trial with a sentence that is not already determined for them. There have been many cases where the judge has no discretion in the sentence due to the mandatory minimum sentencesRead MoreMandatory Sentencing For Minor Drug Offences957 Words   |  4 Pagesdollars later, we are still fighting this war (Branson). All that we have to show for this war is drugs running rampant and tons of citizens incarcerated. Mandatory sentencing for minor drug offences should be overturned due to overflowing prisons, damaging families, and the scare tactic it was created to be has failed. Due to mandatory sentencing for minor drug offences, the American prison system is overflowing with inmates. According to E. Ann Carson, a Statistician for the Bureau of Justice StatisticsRead MoreThe Canadian Bar Association Was An Appropriate Intervener1838 Words   |  8 Pageswas an appropriate intervener for two reasons: the CBA had a strong interest in the mandatory minimums within the impugned legislation and the perspective of implementing an exemption would act as a good alternative to amending the legislation in case the judiciary did not see good enough reason to dismiss the appeal. I will present an explanation for why the CBA argued for an alternative to the mandatory minimum, how it relates to the submissions of the respondents, and the reasoning behind theRead MoreThree Strikes Crime Law: Unjust and Preposterous942 Words   |  4 Pages3 Strikes Crime Law: Unjust and Preposterous Nichole Burton COM/155 November 15, 2012 Brenda Granderson 3 Strikes Crime Law: Unjust and Preposterous The 3 Strikes Crime Law is one of the nation’s harshest sentencing laws. Are you aware that even non-violent criminals are sentenced to life in prison under the 3 Strikes Crime Law? More than 4,000 non-violent criminals are currently serving life in sentence in prison in California alone. (Vega amp; Galloway, 2012). If you take these outrageousRead MoreMandatory Minimums: A National Injustice Essay1803 Words   |  8 PagesMandatory Minimums: A National Injustice Mandatory minimum drug sentencing is legislation passed by Congress in 1986 to create harsher punishments for drug offenders. These laws were created at a time when drug use was beginning to rise dramatically. This type of sentencing was meant to impose harsh, excessive sentences on any type of drug offense, despite other circumstances. While these laws seem good in theory, they were not well thought out. The creators and supporters

Understanding Split Infinitives in English Grammar

In English grammar, a split infinitive is a construction in which one or more words come between the infinitive marker to and the verb (as in to really try  my best). Also called a cleft infinitive. A  split infinitive  is sometimes regarded as a type of tmesis. I think the evidence is conclusive enough, says editor Norman Lewis: it is perfectly correct to consciously split an infinitive whenever such an act increases the strength or clarity of your sentence (Word Power Made Easy, 1991). Examples and Observations Here are some examples of split infinitives, and descriptions of the term and its uses from other texts to help you better understand their function: To deliberately split an infinitive, puristic teaching to the contrary notwithstanding, is correct and acceptable English.(Norman Lewis, How to Speak Better English. Thomas Y. Crowell, 1948I was wise enough to never grow up while fooling most people into believing I had.(attributed to Margaret Mead)Hamilton from boyhood on was an overachiever, one who found it necessary to more than compensate for his feelings of inadequacy.(Peter R. Henriques, Realistic Visionary. University of Virginia Press, 2006)Her first class wasnt until the afternoon. That would give her time to quickly head to the house, then come back and grab a bite to eat in the cafeteria.(Kayla Perrin, The Delta Sisters. St. Martins Press, 2004It seemed that he had caught [the fish] himself, years ago, when he was quite a lad; not by any art or skill, but by that unaccountable luck that appears to always wait upon a boy when he plays the wag from school.(Jerome K. Jerome, Three Men in a Boat, 1889Milton was too busy to mu ch miss his wife.(Samuel Johnson, Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets, 1779-1781News of the government’s plan to on average halve pay for the top 25 employees of firms that took two bailouts ricocheted down Wall Street on Wednesday.(Eric Dash, A New Challenge for 2 Ailing Banks. The New York Times, Oct. 21, 2009The phrase to solemnly swear is at best an explication of what is implied in the idea of swearing, at worst a pleonasm.(Peter Fenves, Arresting Language: From Leibniz to Benjamin. Stanford University Press, 2001 A 19th-Century Proscription Hostility to the practice of splitting infinitives developed in the nineteenth century. A magazine article dating from 1834 may well be the first published condemnation of it. A large number of similar prohibitions followed. The first to call it a split infinitive was a contributor to the magazine Academy in 1897. (Henry Hitchings, The Language Wars. John Murray, 2011) A False Analogy With Latin The only rationale for condemning the [split infinitive] construction is based on a false analogy with Latin. The thinking is that because the Latin infinitive is a single word, the equivalent English construction should be treated as if it were a single unit. But English is not Latin, and distinguished writers have split infinitives without giving it a thought. Noteworthy splitters include John Donne, Daniel Defoe, George Eliot, Benjamin Franklin, Abraham Lincoln, William Wordsworth, and Willa Cather. Still, those who dislike the construction can usually avoid it without difficulty. (The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th edition, 2000)The split-infinitive rule may represent mindless prescriptivisms greatest height. It was foreign. (It was almost certainly based on the inability to split infinitives in Latin and Greek, since they consist of one word only.) It had been routinely violated by the great writers in English; one 1931 study found split infinitives in English literature from every century, beginning with the fourteenth-century epic poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight . . .. (Robert Lane Greene, You Are What You Speak. Delacorte, 2011) Clarity and Style In fact, an unsplit infinitive may be less clear than a split one, as in He decided to go boldly to confront his tormentor, where it is unclear whether boldly is attached to go or confront or perhaps both. (Jean Aitchison, The Language Web: The Power and Problem of Words. Cambridge University Press, 1997)The condemnation of  the split infinitive  seems so devoid of adequate justification that, personally, I am accustomed to look upon it as merely idiosyncratic. The use of the idiom can be defended on various grounds, not the least substantial of which is the need of allowing language that freedom from purely artificial restraints which it continually and successfully claims. . . .Adverbs of one or two syllables readily adhere to the verb as prefixes, and thus disguise their reprobate individualities. But it is generally assumed that there is no glue strong enough to make such processional words as circumstantially, extraordinarily, disproportionately, and the like,  stick withi n  the split infinitive,  and therefore they must  be trailed after  verbs like cartloads of bricks. The majority of the adverbs in common use, however, do not attain such unwieldy dimensions, and  may  well be admitted within  the split infinitive,  especially if  clarity  of apprehension is promoted  thereby. And  surely the idiom is not to be pilloried if it serves to make the sentence more harmonious—as, for instance, in He decided to rapidly march on the town, where to march rapidly is certainly less pleasing to the ear. From such considerations as these I therefore infer that  the split infinitive  does not merit the censure which critics frequently bestow on it.  (J. Dormer, Split Infinitive. Notes and Queries, January 21, 1905) The Lighter Side of Split Infinitives Would you convey my compliments to the purist who reads your proofs and tell him or her that I write in a sort of patois which is something like the way a Swiss waiter talks, and that when I split an infinitive, God damn it, I split it so it will stay split.(Raymond Chandler, letter to Edward Weeks, Jan. 18, 1947. Quoted by F. MacShane in Life of Raymond Chandler, 1976)

The Importance Of Plagiarism - 1425 Words

The number of plagiarism cases in Ireland is hard to quantify but O’Brien (2017) estimates that there have been 1,000 cases of plagiarism since 2010. O’Brien also states that the this number is only an estimate, as four universities did not provide any figures for this survey. The Concise Oxford Dictionary (1972, p.926) defines plagiarism as taking and using â€Å"another person’s (thoughts, writings, inventions†¦) as one’s own.† When people plagiarise it shows a dishonest work ethic and it lowers the academic standards of the institution. This is why colleges check for plagiarism. The percentage of plagiarism can be found on any essay or project submitted by any of the students. This is to keep the†¦show more content†¦TurnItIn is the most commonly used software to detect plagiarism. Fifteen thousand different colleges around the world use this software package (Hicks 2015). After the submitted work has gone through TurnItIn, it then provides the student and professor with a percentage of plagiarised work. However these percentages of plagiarised work can be influenced if you have the same name as anyone else in the same class, or if one uses a cliche or commonly used phrase. Another example of a different software that is used is SafeAssign which is linked with the Blackboard virtual learning system. It scans students work and compares it to other sources including any information put up by the aca demic staff or past papers submitted by previous students (Hicks 2015). As the author of this essay is currently in AIT the following about plagiarism penalties and grading system will be from this institute and referring to the AIT Plagiarism Policy (2016a). In every faculty of the college there is an appointed Academic officer. The role of the academic officer is to be well versed in the policies and procedures that follow a suspected plagiarism incident. The registrar of the college also keeps a record of these cases. Before a case goes before the registrar there are a number of criteria that must be met first. If there is a suspicion of plagiarism the lecturer may initially go to a more senior member of the faculty and seek advice. After this consultation a form can beShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Plagiarism804 Words   |  4 PagesImportance of Documentation The word plagiarism is mentioned in all kinds of settings. Professors and teachers will tell students that plagiarism is not tolerated. Bosses and managers will tell their employees that stealing others’ work is prohibited. People will often suffer many consequences for plagiarising. But those large fines and repercussions can all be avoided if documentation is given for the information that was taken. Documentation can simply be including in-text citations and addingRead MorePlagiarism : School College Of Health Science840 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: PLAGIARISM 1 PLAGIARISM 2 Plagiarism Robert Blakley Baptist College of Health Science Abstract The paper analyzes the existing ethical academic dilemma of applying plagiarism within diverse academic works by students in general and nursing students in particular. It presents particular examples of well-known plagiarism cases and allows properly evaluating the reasons and ways of avoiding any acts of intentional and unintentional plagiarism. It emphasizes the necessityRead MorePlagiarism, Cheating And Academic Standards1674 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The demonstration of showing the thoughts of others as your own without referencing known as plagiarism. This is cheating and degrades academic standards. One of the most important contributing factors that make plagiarism a worldwide problem is the simple access to web assets, where all the investigative papers and reports are effectively accessible. It has been evaluated that plagiarism has always been an area of interest for both administrators and teachers when they want efforts of studentsRead MorePlagiarism And Plagiarism1326 Words   |  6 PagesPlagiarism is when one use another person’s work or ideas without getting his permission. Oxford dictionary (2015) defines plagiarism as â€Å"The practice of taking someone else’s work or ideas and passing them off as one’s own†. The word origins, based on Oxford dictionary (2015), is coming from â€Å"the early 17th century, from the Latin word ‘plagiarius’ that means ‘kidnapperâ€℠¢Ã¢â‚¬ . Although the definition can help us understand better what plagiarism is, it is sometimes hard to know where the line crossRead MoreUnderstanding Plagiarism Essay1244 Words   |  5 Pageswhile the instructor is reviewing the final report is plagiarism. In regards to plagiarism there are six topics that I would like to cover on the topic. What is plagiarism? Why do students plagiarize? What is the difference between intentional and unintentional plagiarism? What is the importance of citing? What is citing, direct quoting, and paraphrasing? What is common knowledge? By understanding these areas in the context of plagiarism we as students can ensure that we will not be guiltyRead MorePlagiarism : Ethical And Ethical Responsibilities850 Words   |  4 PagesPlagiarism refers to the purposeful or accidental use of text without properly giving credit to its author. Bucks County Community College, A Statement from the Facility states the following, â€Å"It must help them to mak e connections among disciplines, help them develop an integrated view of knowledge, and help them recognize that their use of knowledge always carries consequences, as well as moral and ethical responsibilities.† An elaborated look at this sentence defines the responsibility we as studentsRead MorePlagiarism And Why It Is Considered Wrong1550 Words   |  7 Pagesrecognition. It is considered human nature for students in the modern day to turn to readily available sources to aid their work. However, they do not understand the concept of plagiarism and why it is considered wrong in the educational world. To build upon this essay, we need to first understand what plagiarism exactly is. Plagiarism is well-defined as making use of the language and viewpoints of another source as an individual s own either on purpose or accidentally, and is therefore considered a formRead MoreEssay about Preventing Plagiarism in Writing562 Words   |  3 Pages TITLE : PREVENTING PLAGIARISM Plagiarism is a act of imprinting another persons writing, conversation, or even ideas. This even includes the information one gets from WebPages, the published papers online and even articles Paraphrasing is also considered plagiarism if done without proper internal citation. Plagiarism stays still unclear because often the boundary between plagiarism and research is unclear. Plagiarism is also considered as academic dishonesty and breachRead MoreA Study On The Swiss Management Center University1060 Words   |  5 Pages Moreover, they also learned analysis of the results included quantitative and qualitative method while taking into consideration theoretical work combined. (Coronel Llamas Boza, 2011). â€Æ' â€Æ' DQ #2 Plagiarism entails taking another person’s work and passing it as one’s own. (What is Plagiarism? n.d.). As a researcher, this can be avoided by following the guidelines outlined by American Psychological Association (APA) standards which include using in-text citations and references where requiredRead MorePlagiarism, Research Skills and the Role of Assessment and Feedback1735 Words   |  7 Pages 4 Plagiarism 4 1.1 Definition 4 1.2 Tackling Plagiarism 4 Research

Nursing Liability As A Nurse - 978 Words

Nursing Liability As a nurse, there continues to become a concern with lawsuits held against the healthcare professional. With the increase number of responsibilities for nurses and the idea of being faced with nursing staff shortages, the risk of liability increases. Nurses â€Å"has a duty to do or promote good, to prevent harm, and to remove evil or harm† (Burkhardt and Nathaniel, 2007, pg. 159). The three nurses at the Centura St. Anthony Hospital were accused of criminally negligent homicide in the death of newborn by a grand jury in Colorado. This essay will first discuss the emotions felt by the Colorado Board of Nursing in the case held against the three nurses. Second, this essay will whether or not the nurses were trying to avoid causing pain to the baby and as a result the medication error occurred. Third, there will be a discussion on other occupations in which consequences of unintentional errors can have a legal impaction on the organization. Fourth, there will b e a discussion on how the nursing profession should respond to the frighten legal threat presented in this case. Fifth there will be a discussion on how this case violates the Colorado Nurse Practice Act. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the legal issues presented in the case against the three nurses accused of criminally negligent homicide in the death of a newborn. Emotions As previously mentioned, Nurses â€Å"has a duty to do or promote good, to prevent harm, and to remove evil or harm† (BurkhardtShow MoreRelatedHealth Care Professionals Criminal Liability1529 Words   |  7 Pagesand Criminal Liability of Nurses Christopher Ponciano September 27, 2010 Legal Issues in Health Care: Regulation and Compliance (HCS/430) University of Phoenix Professional Regulation and Criminal Liability of Nurses The health care field is a very complex workplace environment and the terminology like malpractice encompasses the negligence of health care professionals. In the past, there is a division that existed between physicians and nurses. Additionally, nurses had very definedRead MoreAlleged Improper Admission Orders Case Essay1319 Words   |  6 Pagesof a seventy-two year old woman that died in the care of a nursing facility after being transferred from the hospital due to an overdose in morphine. When the victim was transferred to the nursing home, the nurse practitioner on duty at the time noticed the double prescription of morphine on the orders and instructed a nurse on duty to confirm with the hospital pharmacist that this was intentional or if they should be revised. The nurse obeyed orders and the transferring hospital’s pharmacist confirmedRead MoreEssay on Negligence in Nursing: The Legal Aspects952 Words   |  4 Pagesphysical and social perspectives, ei ther directly or indirectly (Kurban, 2010, pg. 760).† Nurses in the community today have acquired an increasing responsibility to intervene with medical decisions. In the past, there were clear differences between nurses and doctors. It was more common for a nurse to be supervised directly under the physician. They are not just performing Doctor’s orders anymore. The nurse role in patient care has been widely expanded. Allegations against someone can be one of theRead MoreA Assault, Battery And False Imprisonment ( The Nurse )1278 Words   |  6 Pages I QUESTION ONE A Assault, Battery and False Imprisonment (The Nurse) The positive acts by the nurse were conducted in a direct and intentional manner and this will enable the plaintiff to establish all three actions of trespass to the person. As per Zanker v Vartzokaz, the nurse’s actions amount to assault because the direct and intentional threat by the nurse created in the plaintiff a reasonable apprehension of imminent harm. The victim need not know when ‘that physical violence may be effected’Read MoreThe Legal Implications of Nursing Shortage1381 Words   |  5 PagesThe Legal Implications of the Nursing Shortage The global healthcare industry is facing a wide array of pressing challenges at present, many of which can carry grave consequences for the quality and accessibility of medical treatment in the immediate future. The high cost of healthcare, the large proportion of individuals who are currently uninsured and the great variance of health outcomes across different facilities in the field are all conditions that carry significant repercussions if leftRead MoreA Brief Note On The United States, Massachusetts, Hawaii, Alaska And Nevada1450 Words   |  6 Pagesthis is due to a higher cost of living. RN’s normally receive pay by the hour but this is not always the standard. Nurse Practitioners or Advanced Nurses frequently receive a salary and/or â€Å"can bill the insurance company for their services† (Greenwood, 2014, para. 1). This can fluctuate with accordance to the employer and state. Nurses can operate in diversified locations such as a nursing home, hospice, hospital , psychiatric, mental health, emergency room, operating room, pediatric, physician officeRead MoreThe Importance of Acting Lawfully as a Nurse Essay1335 Words   |  6 Pagesworking as a nurse.† By Rainah Herring Student number: 17038485 When working within the nursing profession, it is of great importance for a nurse to act lawfully within their roles and responsibilities. It is imperative for nurses to comprehend legal aspects such as negligence, duty of care, documentation and confidentiality. As such acting lawfully will protect and reduce the risk of becoming deregistered and provide a high standard of care for the patients. I choose to study nursing for variousRead MoreThe Definitions Of Malpractice And Malpractice1029 Words   |  5 Pages In unit 9 the main components that will be utilized are the definitions of malpractice, how to prepare for court as a defendant, as well as what pieces of a trial consist of. Also there will be a component discussing compensatory negligence. Liability issues Parties involved and who should be sued Defenses of the parties Documents used by the Plaintiff’s side will ask for and how they will be used Standards of care Duty, breach, damages, and proximate cause Insurance issues Risk management issuesRead MoreNursing Career Development Essay1532 Words   |  7 PagesLong Term Goals i. My long term goal is to obtain my Master of Science degree in Nursing. This goal will be accomplished by January 1, 2015. ii. My long term goal is to obtain a position at a hospital as Nurse Practitioner. This goal will be accomplished by June 1, 2016. b. Short Term Goals i. My short term goal is to obtain my Bachelor of Science degree in Nursing at Jacksonville University. This goal will be accomplished by October 15 2014. Read MoreNursing Roles Defined Throughout History. Natalie James.1004 Words   |  5 Pages Nursing Roles Defined Throughout History Natalie James San Diego City College Nursing Roles Defined Throughout History â€Å"The trained nurse has become one of the great blessings of humanity, taking a place beside the physician and the priest† (William Osler, MD). The practical role of a ‘nurse’ has dated back to the beginning of time. Although, lacking formal training until the mid-1800’s, the role of ‘care taker for the sick and hungry has been filled by many. Formal nursing training

Heart Of Darkness Essay Research Paper 1 free essay sample

Heart Of Darkness Essay, Research Paper 1. Does Conrad truly # 8220 ; otherize, # 8221 ; or enforce racist political orientation upon, the Africans in Heart of Darkness, or does Achebe simply see Conrad from the point of position of an African? Is it simply a affair of position point, or does there be greater underlying significance in the definition of racism? 2. How does Achebe # 8217 ; s personal history and the context in which he wrote # 8220 ; An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad # 8217 ; s Heart of Darkness # 8221 ; reflect the mode in which he views Conrad # 8217 ; s thought of racism in the novel? 3. Taking into history Achebe # 8217 ; s premises and analysis of racism in Heart of Darkness, how does this alteration Conrad # 8217 ; s novel as a literary work, if it does at all? The actual bosom of darkness in Conrad # 8217 ; s fresh Heart of Darkness does non simply integrate the Belgian Congo, the African barbarians, the journey to the innermost psyche, and England as the corruptor in its attempted colonisation of the African people for selfish and commercial intents. We will write a custom essay sample on Heart Of Darkness Essay Research Paper 1 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In # 8220 ; An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad # 8217 ; s Heart of Darkness, # 8221 ; Achebe accuses Conrad of racism as the indispensable # 8220 ; bosom of darkness. # 8221 ; Heart of Darkness undertakings the image of Africa as # 8216 ; the other universe, # 8217 ; the antithesis of Europe and hence of civilisation, a topographic point where adult male # 8217 ; s vaunted intelligence and polish are eventually mocked by exultant bestiality # 8230 ; it is non the differentness that worries Conrad but the lurking intimation of affinity, of common lineage. For the Thames excessively # 8216 ; has been one of the dark topographic points of the earth. # 8217 ; It conquered its darkness, of class, and is now in daytime and at peace. But if it were to see its aboriginal relation, the Congo, it would run the awful hazard of hearing grotesque reverberations of its ain forgotten darkness, and falling victim to an revenging recrudescence of the mindless craze of the first beginnings. ( 4 ) One might postulate that this attitude toward the African in Heart of Darkness does non belong to Conrad, but instead to Marlow, and that far from backing it # 8220 ; Conrad might so be keeping it up to irony and criticism. # 8221 ; ( 9 ) Harmonizing to Achebe # 8220 ; Conrad appears to travel to considerable strivings to put up beds of insularity between himself and the moral existence of his story. # 8221 ; ( 9 ) For illustration, Conrad has a storyteller behind a storyteller # 8212 ; he gives us Marlow # 8217 ; s history through the filter of a 2nd individual. Achebe therefore elucidates how # 8220 ; Conrad seems # 8230 ; to O.K. of Marlow, with merely minor reserves # 8212 ; a fact reinforced by the similarities between their two careers. # 8221 ; ( 10 ) Furthermore, Achebe views Conrad as adopting a sort of liberalism that # 8220 ; touched all the best heads of the age in England, Europe and America. It took different signifiers in the heads of different people but about ever managed to hedge the ultimate ques tion of equality between white people and black people†¦ [ Conrad ] would non utilize the word ‘brother’ nevertheless qualified ; the farthest he would travel was ‘kinship.’† ( 11 ) in Heart of Darkness. Acknowledging this cardinal defect in Conrad, Achebe therefore labels the white European writer a â€Å"thoroughgoing racist† ( 11 ) . Although many pupils # 8220 ; will indicate out to you that Conrad is, if anything, less charitable to the Europeans in the narrative than he is to the indigens, that the point of the narrative is to roast Europe # 8217 ; s educating mission in Africa # 8221 ; ( 12 ) , and despite the fact that Achebe recognizes to a certain extent that Africa serves as a scene and background which eliminates the African as a human factor, he challenges readers of Heart of Darkness to # 8220 ; see the absurd and perverse haughtiness in therefore cut downing Africa to the function of props for the break-up of one junior-grade European mind. # 8221 ; ( 12 ) But Achebe does non see this as the existent point. Alternatively, # 8220 ; the existent inquiry is the dehumanisation of Africa and Africans which this age-long attitude has fostered and continues to further in the world. # 8221 ; ( 12 ) . Questioning whether a novel which # 8220 ; celebrates this dehumanisation, which depersonalizes a part of the human race, can be called a great work of art # 8221 ; ( 12 ) , Achebe responds by doubting Conrad # 8217 ; s endowments as a author. Achebe histories for Conrad # 8217 ; s racism against black Africans because of his personal history # 8211 ; # 8220 ; there remains still in Conrad # 8217 ; s attitude a residue of aversion to black people which his curious psychological science entirely can explicate. His ain history of his first brush with a black adult male is really telling: A certain tremendous vaulting horse nigga encountered in Haiti fixed my [ Conrad s ] construct of blind, ferocious, blind fury, as manifested in the human animate being to the terminal of my yearss. Of the nigga I used to woolgather for old ages afterwards. Surely Conrad had a job with niggers. # 8221 ; ( 13 ) Therefore, Achebe clearly sees Heart of Darkness as a racialist text, one # 8220 ; which parades in the most coarse manner biass and abuses from which a subdivision of world has suffered untold torments and atrociousnesss in the yesteryear and continues to make so in many ways and many topographic points today. [ He is ] speaking about a narrative in which the really humanity of black people is called into inquiry # 8221 ; ( 15 ) However, Achebe partially does salvage the repute of Conrad when he concedes that # 8220 ; Conrad did non arise the image of Africa which we find in his book. It was and is the dominant image of Africa in the Western imaginativeness # 8230 ; Conrad saw and condemned the immorality of imperial development but was queerly incognizant of the racism on which it sharpened its Fe tooth. # 8221 ; ( 19 ) SourceAchebe, Hopes and Hindrances: Selected Essays. # 8220 ; An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad # 8217 ; s Heart of Darkness. # 8221 ; New York: Doubleday, 1989, pp.1-20.

Popular Culture to Political Economy †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Popular Culture to Political Economy. Answer: Introduction: The present debate is based on the impact of wiki leaks on the society. It has been alleged by many countries that web site is harmful to the national security of the national security of any country. However, this debate will make one thing clear that the web site is not harmful to the society; rather it establishes the frame work of freedom of speech and freedom of press. It has been written under the constitution that it is the right of the citizen to know about the policies of the government. It is not enough to know about the internal decisions of government, even the international policies are also important to know. Wiki leaks have given this opportunity to the citizen so that they came across the policies of the government. This debate will clarify the facts. The part that has been chosen in this case is to debate on the topic that whether wiki leaks is dangerous for the society or not. Before getting into the main points, the base and the origin of wiki leaks are required to be mentioned. Wiki leaks are an international organisation, popular for publishing of secret news and the nature of its sources are anonymous (Christensen 2014). The website regarding the wiki leaks was initiated in 2006 and director and founder of the organisation is Julian Assange. Julian Assnge was an Australian activist who is specialised in internet protocols (Wahl-Jorgensen 2014). The present debate is relevant for certain reasons. Since the inception of the organisation, much secret news was being published and people became aware of the government policies regarding many international issues. Over ten million documents have been published since the incorporation of the organisation and many countries including USA had banned the site. It is to be discussed in this case to come into a conclusion whether wiki leaks is dangerous for the society or it has certain positive impacts on the society in general. Wiki leaks become popular in the year 2010, when the web site has released certain documents regarding the collateral murder footage that had been occurred in the year 2007 in Baghdad and many Iraqi journalists were murdered (Johnson 2015). It has also been released that the Iraqi insurgents were responsible for the murder that amounts 109,032 deaths and the airstrike attacks in Baghdad has also been published. The web site has made the whole world shocked by publishing the effects of the diplomatic cables of US state department and the detrimental effect of the same. In the year 2011, the web sites had published secret files regarding the Guantanamo Bay detention camp (Logue and Clegg 2015). It has been alleged that the wiki leaks are not revealed their sources and due to this it becomes problematic for the states to understand the main source of the news and the sources are not possible to be traced out. The key argument in this debate is to discuss the efficacy of the web sites and the positive impact of the web sites on the society. It has been observed that there are certain allegations has been made as against the web site and it has also been stated that the web site is intended to hamper the secrets of the country and become a potential threat for the whole nation. In this debate it will also be stated about the role of the web sites regarding the establishment of freedom of speech for the journalists (Hinduja and Patchin 2014). It has been stated that many countries had banned the site and actions were taken against the director of the web sites. However, all these steps should be treated as arbitrary in nature as the constitution of every State ensure the doctri ne of freedom of speech. Supportive argument: It has been stated under the constitution that transparency is more important than privacy. The government policy is enough to causes difficulties if they are acting arbitrarily. It is the duty of the press to deliver information to the society relating to the governmental policies. Wiki leaks have been doing this job since 2006. It has been stated by many of the sources that the activities of wiki leaks are illegal in nature and the web sites are also alleged to hack the official web sites of a State and release all the secret documents regarding the same. It has been observed in 2016 that the web site has released certain documents regarding the Democratic National Committee in USA and the outcome of the same became detrimental for the electoral member of the party, Hillary Clinton (Sheehan 2013). It has been alleged that Russia is provoking the web site to hack the secret documents and instigate the activities of the web site tremendously. It is important to understand the scope and purpose of the site to understand the goal of the web site. It has been stated by the Director of the web site, Julian Assange that the web site wanted to reveal certain important issues and information to the notice of the public in general. It has also been stated that the web site will also reveal the original material of source to the public. Therefore, a notion about the freedom of speech has been discussed in this case. Similar voice was raised by Julian Assange in the Colbert Report and he told to the reporter that the idea of freedom of speech has been engraved under the several aspects of government and laws. The Bill of Rights of USA also supports the idea of freedom of press. It is the main objective of the press to bring the attention of the public regarding certain current and important issues so that the government will not become a potential threat to the society. There are certain grounds that will reveal the positive impacts of the web sites in the society of America and the society of the Universe as well. It has been reported by many of the news portals that wiki leaks have supported the idea of democracy and it is to be stated that the web site has provided valuable information regarding the States political affairs and clarify the role of the government regarding certain important issues. Many of the organisations think that the web site is a potential threat to the national security, but the web site breaks all the fears regarding the moral prohibition of secrecy. It is a fact that the people are chosen representative to run the country properly. However, if they could not perform their duty properly, it will affect the future of the country. In case of their administrative failure, people have the chance to understand the effect. But in case of the weapon dealings and war crimes, people should not get any clue regarding the same though these are also create detrimental effect on the state. Wiki leaks helped to provide the information that flawed the concept of democracy. Supportive argument In case of every democracy, active participation of the citizen is required and it is the right of the citizen to update them with the available information regarding the government and policies. It is to be stated that the potential threat regarding the government policies are not created by wiki leaks. It helps to understand the role of the government regarding all the political issues. It has also been stated that the site is helping the citizen to understand the real part of the government regarding serious international issues and the citizen got the chance to know about those matters. Therefore, it can be observed that the information revealed by the wiki leaks are important in nature and the citizen are able to know about the government policies regarding the international security and certain matters that are related to the national security (Castells 2015). It has been noticed that the administrative failure of the government can be lead towards the less developed nation and the security policy of the governments are also responsible for the state deterioration. An attempt has been made to black the character of the web site and many States have banned the web site and charged Julian Assange for violating the norms relating to national security. However, certain points are to be kept in mind that are: In a democratic society, it is important to provide information to the citizens and the constitution of every state has given the citizens a right to know the government policies. It has also been stated that in case the government has tried to hide something from the citizen, the same could become one of the potential risks for the interest of the society (Chander and L 2014). Wiki leaks help the society from this aspect. It has also been stated that the security information that have been revealed by the web site did not intended to affect the government, but to establish the transparency in between government and the citizen. It has also been stated that the information regarding the governmental policies have given the citizen to disseminate the facts and know about the real nature of the government in general. There is a proverb in English that truth is never bad. In this case, it is a fact that wiki leaks is intend to publish relevant security documents regarding he state and the effective government policies regarding the matters like terrorism, war and corruptions have been pointed out by the site and it facilitate the concept of democracy. In case of democracy, freedom of press plays an important role (Ardia 2013). The strategies taken by the web site in this regard allows the people of United States to know about the government policies regarding many diplomatic issues and intention of the government to avoid the war crimes and fake encounter. Conclusion: Therefore, from the above mentioned debate, it can be cleared that the base of the wiki leaks stands to improve the democracy and to establish the base of freedom of press. Wiki leaks have critically described the steps taken by the government of USA and it is to be kept in mind that critical components are essential for effective governance. Therefore, it can be said that the web site has created a good implication on the society by establishing the seed of democracy. Reference: Ardia, D.S., 2013. Freedom of speech, defamation, and injunctions. Bauman, S., 2015. Responding to Cyberbullying. Cyberbullying, pp.93-108. Castells, M., 2015. Networks of outrage and hope: Social movements in the Internet age. John Wiley Sons. Chander, A. and L, U.P., 2014. Free speech. Christensen, C., 2014. WikiLeaks| WikiLeaks: From Popular Culture to Political Economy~ Introduction. International Journal of Communication, 8, p.5. Hinduja, S. and Patchin, J.W., 2014. Bullying beyond the schoolyard: Preventing and responding to cyberbullying. Corwin Press. Johnson, C.N., 2015. Book Review: Beyond WikiLeaks: Implications for the Future of Communications, Journalism, and Society. Kowalski, R.M. and Limber, S.P., 2013. Psychological, physical, and academic correlates of cyberbullying and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(1), pp.S13-S20. Logue, D.M. and Clegg, S.R., 2015. Wikileaks and The News of the World: The political circuitry of labeling. Journal of Management Inquiry, 24(4), pp.394-404. Sheehan, K.B., 2013. Controversies in contemporary advertising. Sage Publications. Slonje, R., Smith, P.K. and FrisN, A., 2013. The nature of cyberbullying, and strategies for prevention. Computers in human behavior, 29(1), pp.26-32. Wahl-Jorgensen, K., 2014. WikiLeaks| is WikiLeaks Challenging the Paradigm of Journalism? Boundary Work and beyond. International Journal of Communication, 8, p.12.